The quinolones also referred to as fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics. The term Quinolone(s) refers to potent synthetic chemotherapeutic antibacterials the first generation of which was derived from an attempt to create a synthetic form of chloroquine, which was used to treat malaria during World War II. Hans Andersag discovered chloroquine in 1934, at Bayer I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. laboratories in Eberfeld, Germany. The first generation of the quinolones begins with the introduction of nalidixic acid in 1962 for treatment of urinary tract infections in humans. Nalidixic acid was discovered by George Lesher and coworkers in a distillate during an attempt at chloroquine synthesis.
They prevent bacterial DNA from unwinding and duplicating. Recent evidence has shown that topoisomerase II is also a target for a variety of quinolone-based drugs. Thus far, most of the compounds that show high activity against the eukaryotic type II enzyme contain aromatic substituents at their C-7 positions.
Quinolones in comparison to other antibiotic classes have the highest risk of causing colonisation with MRSA and C Difficile. A general avoidance of fluoroquinolones is recommended based on the available evidence and clinical guidelines. The parent of the quinolone (aka fluoroquinolone) class is nalidixic acid. The majority of quinolones in clinical use belong to the subset of fluoroquinolones, which have a fluorine atom attached to the central ring system, typically at the 6-position or C-7 position.
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